The American War Of 1898 - 1372 Words

Throughout the history of America, individuals have been exploring the frontier, broadening horizons, and pushing boundaries. During the eighteenth century, Americans set out to settle the western frontier, ingrained within them the idea of manifest destiny, which stated that the United States was destined to stretch from coast to coast. Individuals began to migrate west in droves, rapidly expanding the United States until they reached the Pacific. In 1890, the Census Bureau declared that the frontier had been â€Å"officially closed.† Americans had settled the far reaches of their country, fulfilling manifest destiny. The United States began to set its sights on greater, overseas conquests. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth†¦show more content†¦As a result, varying views began to emerge regarding imperialism and how to govern the new territories. Some individuals deemed imperialism disdainful and oppressive, while others saw it as the nation’s obligat ion and beneficial to all involved. Great debate arose, especially surrounding the Philippines, which remained restless under America’s rule. Although Americans appeared to be completely divided over imperialism, most individuals, regardless of their position, considered the effects of imperialism on the Filipino people and the American nation as a whole. Despite the greater emphasis placed on the oppressed people and the implications of imperialism on the United States, some focused on the effects of expansion on the American people, viewing imperialism through the lense of racial inequality. For example, E. E. Cooper, an African American editor of the newspaper Colored American, supported the war with Spain because he believed it would â€Å"cement the races into a more compact brotherhood through perfect unity of purpose and patriotic affinity† (1). Cooper’s perspective is that of an African American man finding hope anywhere he can that America is headed for more accepting times. However, his point of view does not represent the majority of individuals during this time period, and, therefore, his support for imperialism is anomalous. Most individuals, whether adversaries or supporters, viewed imperialism as

what is education Essay - 1430 Words

What is education? What are the challenges facing those who provide it? Education is a crucial part of life, it influences the way people think, speak, talk, write and react to the world around them. However, education is much more than just an influence, it is a part of life itself. Throughout the past century, education has dramatically called upon change and variation, with new technology, science, and both ethical and cultural values making way. Hence, education can really only be defined by its time and place. This means that as educators, we need to continually update our qualifications and skills to be in equilibrium with the constant changes that are happening around us, which is a challenge all educators face (Dusseldorp 1998).†¦show more content†¦Moreover, with new fields of work constantly being created, there is a large demand for people with the right qualifications and skills (Kalantzis 1998). Finding the right people with such skills can be a hard task, unless educational institutions such as schools, tafes and universities are c ontinually updating the subjects they teach and their teaching methods (Dusseldorp 1998). Along with changing careers is technology, the most rapidly developing resource on the planet. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, 66% of Australian households have access to at least one computer at home and over 72% of households have access to mobile phones. Quality Education Data have also surveyed that just over 90% of school teachers feel â€Å"unprepared† to effectively use technology. This statistic really concretes a point; educators are not keeping up with technology, and in consequence are slowing down the ability for children to gain experience with technology. Today we live in a world that solely relies on technology, and not being able to effectively use this technology can be a real problem. As technology changes more and more, educators will only find it harder to keep their skills up-to-date unless they are consistent in keeping up with the move. Education also strives to imitate and ‘mirror’ the ways society works, through both structure and organisation (McBurney-Fry 2002). It slowly prepares children to face the reality of adult life where there will be winners andShow MoreRelatedWhat is Education?844 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is education? A seminal question that has been raised since ancient times. Certainly, the Ancient Greeks (Athenians) had an idea of how education worked take your upper class males, teach them to read, write, quote literature, play and instrument, and become a proficient athlete. The purpose was to study to become an effective citizen, not for a trade. Females learned basics enough to manage a household, rarely more; males of the upper classes learned to participate in society, others learnedRead MoreWhat Is Education For You?931 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Education to you? Education means something different to everyone. For one, it might just mean going to school and learning and passing the tests with good grades. For someone else it might mean doing something that their parents might not have done. Or for someone else it might just mean that this is my chance to do something different and for the better of the people in the society. One thing about education it does not earn the same respect from everyone. For example, here in the US,Read MoreWhat Is Outdoor Education?1502 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is outdoor education and what makes a successful outdoor educator? Around Australia, outdoor education exists within the broader education perspective (Bucknell, 2006). It is not compulsory for students in some schools to embark on an outdoor experience and when a group of secondary students do step of the bus, issues in the forefront of their mind would most likely consist of â€Å"how will I cope with going to the toilet in the bush?† or â€Å"I’m glad I am sharing a tent with my best friend† (DicksonRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Education? Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the Purpose of Education? The purpose of education in any society is to pass down the skills and knowledge required to live within society. Depending on the amount and quality of the education you receive, you can build any life for yourself. Although this can be very positive and uplifting, it can also be negative and detrimental, depending on the society that you live in. Education can help people living in oppressive situations with no hope to realize their potential and change theirRead MoreWhat Is Education? What Does It Mean? Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is education? What does it mean to be an educated individual? People go to liberal education institution all the time, but what is liberal education? How does liberal education affect us in the long run. Liberal education is such an important aspect that all people should have. All the different people in this world need different ways to learn. Pink talks about the ideas of Mastery and Flow in his book Drive. Mastery is what urges you to get better and better in whatever subject you chooseRead MoreWhat Is Special Education860 Words   |  4 PagesIt is not enough to know where people should go; leaders must have the capacity to move them to that place (Blackaby and Blackaby). Although, the principal knows what success usually looks like for students, she is not considering the obstacles to education most of the students face daily. For the most part, these students reside with their grandparents because their parents are addicted to drugs. They suffer from the effects of drug abuse during pregnancy, as well as, the inability to obtainRead MoreWhat Is Multicultural Education2785 Words   |  12 PagesWhat is a multicultural classroom? First and foremost it is a classroom, characterized by an ethos of caring and equity. The pedagogy supports active participation through role-plays, simulations, and hands-on activities. S tudents learn, through their own experiences, that peoples actions make a difference. Education that is multicultural is a continuous, integrated, multiethnic, multidisciplinary process for educating all students about diversity. Diversity factors include but are not limited toRead MoreWhat Is Education Important?2263 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is Education When asking the question what is education? there can be many diverse and correct answers, this is down to the question being philosophical. To be able to find out what education is, understanding philosophy is can be vital. There are many different definitions of what philosophy is, according to oxford dictionary, they define philosophy as it s the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and theRead MoreWhat Is Education and Why It Is Important?1492 Words   |  6 PagesFor a student like me its ,big ,,,,,,,,,,question WHAT IS EDUCATION AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT/ Education is is future-oriented - it is about development and growth even when we are studying the past. Thus, as educators, the aspect of thinking we tend to focus upon is learning. As we have stressed, much thinking is commonplace - it goes on all the time, often without our being aware of it. Education takes us into the conscious world. It involves activities that are intended to stimulateRead More What Is Good Education Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages What is a Good Education? Education literally means the things a person learns by being taught. So, the definition of a good education would be the things a person learns by being taught well. But what exactly does that mean? No one has ever told you that, right. To me a good education is basically achieved when a person has a general to specific knowledge of the things that have happened in the world, things that could happen in the future of the world, how to communicate with others, and

what is education Essay - 1430 Words

What is education? What are the challenges facing those who provide it? Education is a crucial part of life, it influences the way people think, speak, talk, write and react to the world around them. However, education is much more than just an influence, it is a part of life itself. Throughout the past century, education has dramatically called upon change and variation, with new technology, science, and both ethical and cultural values making way. Hence, education can really only be defined by its time and place. This means that as educators, we need to continually update our qualifications and skills to be in equilibrium with the constant changes that are happening around us, which is a challenge all educators face (Dusseldorp 1998).†¦show more content†¦Moreover, with new fields of work constantly being created, there is a large demand for people with the right qualifications and skills (Kalantzis 1998). Finding the right people with such skills can be a hard task, unless educational institutions such as schools, tafes and universities are c ontinually updating the subjects they teach and their teaching methods (Dusseldorp 1998). Along with changing careers is technology, the most rapidly developing resource on the planet. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, 66% of Australian households have access to at least one computer at home and over 72% of households have access to mobile phones. Quality Education Data have also surveyed that just over 90% of school teachers feel â€Å"unprepared† to effectively use technology. This statistic really concretes a point; educators are not keeping up with technology, and in consequence are slowing down the ability for children to gain experience with technology. Today we live in a world that solely relies on technology, and not being able to effectively use this technology can be a real problem. As technology changes more and more, educators will only find it harder to keep their skills up-to-date unless they are consistent in keeping up with the move. Education also strives to imitate and ‘mirror’ the ways society works, through both structure and organisation (McBurney-Fry 2002). It slowly prepares children to face the reality of adult life where there will be winners andShow MoreRelatedWhat is Education?844 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is education? A seminal question that has been raised since ancient times. Certainly, the Ancient Greeks (Athenians) had an idea of how education worked take your upper class males, teach them to read, write, quote literature, play and instrument, and become a proficient athlete. The purpose was to study to become an effective citizen, not for a trade. Females learned basics enough to manage a household, rarely more; males of the upper classes learned to participate in society, others learnedRead MoreWhat Is Education For You?931 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Education to you? Education means something different to everyone. For one, it might just mean going to school and learning and passing the tests with good grades. For someone else it might mean doing something that their parents might not have done. Or for someone else it might just mean that this is my chance to do something different and for the better of the people in the society. One thing about education it does not earn the same respect from everyone. For example, here in the US,Read MoreWhat Is Outdoor Education?1502 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is outdoor education and what makes a successful outdoor educator? Around Australia, outdoor education exists within the broader education perspective (Bucknell, 2006). It is not compulsory for students in some schools to embark on an outdoor experience and when a group of secondary students do step of the bus, issues in the forefront of their mind would most likely consist of â€Å"how will I cope with going to the toilet in the bush?† or â€Å"I’m glad I am sharing a tent with my best friend† (DicksonRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Education? Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the Purpose of Education? The purpose of education in any society is to pass down the skills and knowledge required to live within society. Depending on the amount and quality of the education you receive, you can build any life for yourself. Although this can be very positive and uplifting, it can also be negative and detrimental, depending on the society that you live in. Education can help people living in oppressive situations with no hope to realize their potential and change theirRead MoreWhat Is Education? What Does It Mean? Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is education? What does it mean to be an educated individual? People go to liberal education institution all the time, but what is liberal education? How does liberal education affect us in the long run. Liberal education is such an important aspect that all people should have. All the different people in this world need different ways to learn. Pink talks about the ideas of Mastery and Flow in his book Drive. Mastery is what urges you to get better and better in whatever subject you chooseRead MoreWhat Is Special Education860 Words   |  4 PagesIt is not enough to know where people should go; leaders must have the capacity to move them to that place (Blackaby and Blackaby). Although, the principal knows what success usually looks like for students, she is not considering the obstacles to education most of the students face daily. For the most part, these students reside with their grandparents because their parents are addicted to drugs. They suffer from the effects of drug abuse during pregnancy, as well as, the inability to obtainRead MoreWhat Is Multicultural Education2785 Words   |  12 PagesWhat is a multicultural classroom? First and foremost it is a classroom, characterized by an ethos of caring and equity. The pedagogy supports active participation through role-plays, simulations, and hands-on activities. S tudents learn, through their own experiences, that peoples actions make a difference. Education that is multicultural is a continuous, integrated, multiethnic, multidisciplinary process for educating all students about diversity. Diversity factors include but are not limited toRead MoreWhat Is Education Important?2263 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is Education When asking the question what is education? there can be many diverse and correct answers, this is down to the question being philosophical. To be able to find out what education is, understanding philosophy is can be vital. There are many different definitions of what philosophy is, according to oxford dictionary, they define philosophy as it s the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and theRead MoreWhat Is Education and Why It Is Important?1492 Words   |  6 PagesFor a student like me its ,big ,,,,,,,,,,question WHAT IS EDUCATION AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT/ Education is is future-oriented - it is about development and growth even when we are studying the past. Thus, as educators, the aspect of thinking we tend to focus upon is learning. As we have stressed, much thinking is commonplace - it goes on all the time, often without our being aware of it. Education takes us into the conscious world. It involves activities that are intended to stimulateRead More What Is Good Education Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages What is a Good Education? Education literally means the things a person learns by being taught. So, the definition of a good education would be the things a person learns by being taught well. But what exactly does that mean? No one has ever told you that, right. To me a good education is basically achieved when a person has a general to specific knowledge of the things that have happened in the world, things that could happen in the future of the world, how to communicate with others, and

what is education Essay - 1430 Words

What is education? What are the challenges facing those who provide it? Education is a crucial part of life, it influences the way people think, speak, talk, write and react to the world around them. However, education is much more than just an influence, it is a part of life itself. Throughout the past century, education has dramatically called upon change and variation, with new technology, science, and both ethical and cultural values making way. Hence, education can really only be defined by its time and place. This means that as educators, we need to continually update our qualifications and skills to be in equilibrium with the constant changes that are happening around us, which is a challenge all educators face (Dusseldorp 1998).†¦show more content†¦Moreover, with new fields of work constantly being created, there is a large demand for people with the right qualifications and skills (Kalantzis 1998). Finding the right people with such skills can be a hard task, unless educational institutions such as schools, tafes and universities are c ontinually updating the subjects they teach and their teaching methods (Dusseldorp 1998). Along with changing careers is technology, the most rapidly developing resource on the planet. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, 66% of Australian households have access to at least one computer at home and over 72% of households have access to mobile phones. Quality Education Data have also surveyed that just over 90% of school teachers feel â€Å"unprepared† to effectively use technology. This statistic really concretes a point; educators are not keeping up with technology, and in consequence are slowing down the ability for children to gain experience with technology. Today we live in a world that solely relies on technology, and not being able to effectively use this technology can be a real problem. As technology changes more and more, educators will only find it harder to keep their skills up-to-date unless they are consistent in keeping up with the move. Education also strives to imitate and ‘mirror’ the ways society works, through both structure and organisation (McBurney-Fry 2002). It slowly prepares children to face the reality of adult life where there will be winners andShow MoreRelatedWhat is Education?844 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is education? A seminal question that has been raised since ancient times. Certainly, the Ancient Greeks (Athenians) had an idea of how education worked take your upper class males, teach them to read, write, quote literature, play and instrument, and become a proficient athlete. The purpose was to study to become an effective citizen, not for a trade. Females learned basics enough to manage a household, rarely more; males of the upper classes learned to participate in society, others learnedRead MoreWhat Is Education For You?931 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Education to you? Education means something different to everyone. For one, it might just mean going to school and learning and passing the tests with good grades. For someone else it might mean doing something that their parents might not have done. Or for someone else it might just mean that this is my chance to do something different and for the better of the people in the society. One thing about education it does not earn the same respect from everyone. For example, here in the US,Read MoreWhat Is Outdoor Education?1502 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is outdoor education and what makes a successful outdoor educator? Around Australia, outdoor education exists within the broader education perspective (Bucknell, 2006). It is not compulsory for students in some schools to embark on an outdoor experience and when a group of secondary students do step of the bus, issues in the forefront of their mind would most likely consist of â€Å"how will I cope with going to the toilet in the bush?† or â€Å"I’m glad I am sharing a tent with my best friend† (DicksonRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Education? Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the Purpose of Education? The purpose of education in any society is to pass down the skills and knowledge required to live within society. Depending on the amount and quality of the education you receive, you can build any life for yourself. Although this can be very positive and uplifting, it can also be negative and detrimental, depending on the society that you live in. Education can help people living in oppressive situations with no hope to realize their potential and change theirRead MoreWhat Is Education? What Does It Mean? Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is education? What does it mean to be an educated individual? People go to liberal education institution all the time, but what is liberal education? How does liberal education affect us in the long run. Liberal education is such an important aspect that all people should have. All the different people in this world need different ways to learn. Pink talks about the ideas of Mastery and Flow in his book Drive. Mastery is what urges you to get better and better in whatever subject you chooseRead MoreWhat Is Special Education860 Words   |  4 PagesIt is not enough to know where people should go; leaders must have the capacity to move them to that place (Blackaby and Blackaby). Although, the principal knows what success usually looks like for students, she is not considering the obstacles to education most of the students face daily. For the most part, these students reside with their grandparents because their parents are addicted to drugs. They suffer from the effects of drug abuse during pregnancy, as well as, the inability to obtainRead MoreWhat Is Multicultural Education2785 Words   |  12 PagesWhat is a multicultural classroom? First and foremost it is a classroom, characterized by an ethos of caring and equity. The pedagogy supports active participation through role-plays, simulations, and hands-on activities. S tudents learn, through their own experiences, that peoples actions make a difference. Education that is multicultural is a continuous, integrated, multiethnic, multidisciplinary process for educating all students about diversity. Diversity factors include but are not limited toRead MoreWhat Is Education Important?2263 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is Education When asking the question what is education? there can be many diverse and correct answers, this is down to the question being philosophical. To be able to find out what education is, understanding philosophy is can be vital. There are many different definitions of what philosophy is, according to oxford dictionary, they define philosophy as it s the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and theRead MoreWhat Is Education and Why It Is Important?1492 Words   |  6 PagesFor a student like me its ,big ,,,,,,,,,,question WHAT IS EDUCATION AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT/ Education is is future-oriented - it is about development and growth even when we are studying the past. Thus, as educators, the aspect of thinking we tend to focus upon is learning. As we have stressed, much thinking is commonplace - it goes on all the time, often without our being aware of it. Education takes us into the conscious world. It involves activities that are intended to stimulateRead More What Is Good Education Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages What is a Good Education? Education literally means the things a person learns by being taught. So, the definition of a good education would be the things a person learns by being taught well. But what exactly does that mean? No one has ever told you that, right. To me a good education is basically achieved when a person has a general to specific knowledge of the things that have happened in the world, things that could happen in the future of the world, how to communicate with others, and

Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid Free Essays

Multi-Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, then acidification, to produce an alpha-hydroxyacid. In this experiment, benzoin was used and converted into benzil, which was then used to synthesize benzillic acid. We will write a custom essay sample on Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid or any similar topic only for you Order Now The yields were not ideal: . 081g of benzil- a 27. 5% yield; . 038g of benzilic acid- a 34. 7% yield. The matching melting points and IR readings, however, confirmed a high degree of purity for each compound: 95. 6 °C for benzil, and 104. 5 °C for benzilic acid, meager . 632% and . 333% discrepancy from literature values, respectively. Finally, the IR absorption frequencies on the attached graphs illustrate the successful removal of the alcohol in the oxidation step and successive return of the alcohol/creation of carboxylic acid, following rearrangement. Multistep syntheses are essential to producing complex molecules. This experiment illustrated the importance of verifying intermediary products are pure, by utilizing different techniques such as IR and melting point. Below is a diagram of the overall reaction. First Reaction: Second Reaction: Introduction: The multistep reaction from Benzoin to Benzillic acid involves multiple organic chemistry concepts, such as oxidation and rearrangement. The first part of the experiment involves the oxidation of benzoin to benzil, utilizing a mild oxidating agent. The process of oxidation is used in all organic chemistry labs and is essential to a wide variety of synthesis reactions. In addition, oxidation reactions are essential in the the biochemistry of most living organisms. This experiment also breaks down oxidizing agents into selective and non-selective agents. For this experiment’s purposes, nitric acid was used, as it is selective towards secondary alcohols, oxidizing them to ketones. The second part of this experiment involves the rearrangement of benzil to benzillic acid or, more generally, the reaction of an alpha-diketone to an alpha-hydroxyacid. This reaction was first conducted by Justus von Liebig in 1838 (1). The basics of this reaction involve the formation of a carboxylate salt from an alpha-diketone; acid is then added to produce an aromatic alpha-hydroxyacid. The reaction conducted in this experiment is an essential base step in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and certain hallucinogenic drugs. The synthesis of Benzil from Benzoin is shown below: The above reaction shows the condensed oxidation of benzoin to benzil. The following diagram shows the condensed reaction of benzil to benzillic acid. Rearrangement occurs to form a salt, then the salt is acidified to form benzillic acid. Once the products of each step were obtained- benzil and benzillic acid- their melting points and IR readings were obtained. These two measurements were used to prove that the correct product was formed without any impurities. One of the major risks in this experiment is loss of product through multiple filtrations. To minimize this problem, the filtration steps should be carefully and slowly executed. This ensures that the least amount of reactants are lost. In addition, recrystallization can occur too quickly if a hot solution is directly placed in an ice bath, allowing impurities to be trapped within the precipitate’s crystal lattice. To avoid this, the solutions should be given ample time to cool to room temperature before adding the solutions to an ice bath. These precautions were taken to try to reach our goal of a high percent yield of product with little to no impurities. There were no new techniques used in this experiment, however there were old techniques used to provide information/obtain a product. The first technique was crystallization which was useful to obtain a solid product that can then be purified. Another old technique utilized was filtration, via hirsch funnel and vacuum. This technique was used to obtain a purified product, removing impurities. Once the final solid product was obtained in both reactions the melting point procedure was used to determine the level of remaining impurity of the final product, comparing the experimental and expected values found in literature. In conjunction with the melting point procedure, infrared spectroscopy was used to reveal the different functional groups of the products. In other words, the IR machine indicates whether our final product matches up with the desired one, matching carbonyl and alcohol absorption peaks (or the lack thereof) to their theoretical presence (either benzil or benzillic acid). Procedure: 1. 5ml of nitric acid was added to . 30g of benzoin in a conical vial with a stir vane. The mixture was then heated in a 70 degree Celsius water bath, while stirred, for one hour. The mixture in the conical vial was then cooled to room temperature and, using a pipette, the solution was transferred to a beaker containing 4ml of ice water. The mixture slowly crystallized in the beaker and the crystallized product was filtered on a hirsch funnel with vacuum. 5 ml of cold water was used to wash the product and then the product was allowed to dry. The solid product was then collected from the funnel and added to a hot 95% ethanol solution in an Erlenmeyer flask and completely dissolved. Once the solid was dissolved completely, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. Once yellow crystals formed, the solution was placed into an ice bath. The product was then collected and filtered again on a hirsch funnel with vacuum. The product was then washed with ice cold 95% ethanol. Once completely dried, the crystals were weighed and the final mass, percent yield, melting point, and IR reading of the crystallized product measured/calculated. 100g of benzil and . 30ml of ethanol were mixed in a conical vial. The solution in the conical vial was then heated to about 100 degrees celsius until the benzil dissolved. Then . 25ml of potassium hydroxide was added dropwise to the vial. The mixture was then heated to 110 degrees for 15 minutes, then allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. The product was transferred with a pipette to a 10ml beaker and cooled in an ice bath for 15 minutes. 1ml portions of ethanol were added once crystallized and filtered. The product was then transferred to a 10ml beaker with 70 °C water, allowing the product to dissolve. 0. ml of HCL acid was added dropwise and the mixture was allowed to cool and then transferred to an ice bath. The crystals were collected on a hirsch funnel and washed with 4ml of cold ice water. The crystals were dried and collected for final mass, percent yield, melting point, and IR reading. Results and Discussion: Table 1: Mass and Molar Quantity of Starting and Synthesized Materials; Percentage Yield and Both Experimental and Theoretical Melting Points of Products and Percent Discrepancy| Compound| Mass (g)| Quantity (mol x10-4)| % Yield| M. P. EXP ( °C)| M. P. THEO ( °C)| % D| Benzoin| 0. 298| 14| -| -| -| -| Benzil Yield| 0. 081| 3. 5| 27. 50%| 95. 6| 95. 0| 0. 632%| Benzil Start| 0. 1001| 4. 76| -| -| -|   | Benzilic Acid Yield| 0. 038| 1. 67| 34. 97%| 149. 5| 150| 0. 333%| The initial mass of benzoin and its yield of benzil in the first part of the experiment, as well as the starting mass of benzil and its yield of benzilic acid in the second part. Note that the yield from part 1 was not the same amount used at the start of part 2. Also shown: the converted molar quantity of each mass and corresponding percent yield for the two synthesized compound, as well as their experimental and theoretical melting points and percent discrepancy between these values. As noted, the â€Å"Start† weight of Benzil- in row 3 of Table 1- differs from the â€Å"Yield† weight- in row 2. The yield, itself, was not used in the second part of this experiment: the synthesis of benzilic acid from benzil. Furthermore, an error occurred in the second portion of the experiment and very little acid product was salvaged; thus, the yield shown for benzilic acid is data that has been shared from another synthesis (this product yield was from _____ and his lab partner). Additionally, this alternative product was the one used in determining a melting point. Graph 1 illustrates the successful oxidation of benzil, as the alcohol has been eliminated. As expected, it also retains a strong peak at ~1657cm-1, indicating the carbonyl groups present in the diketone, although this is a slightly lower absorption than expected. Graph 2 also presents a successful synthesis, as a relatively strong and somewhat broad peak appears around 3390cm-1, suggesting the reemergence of an alcohol and potential presence of the carboxylic acid; that the peak at 1715cm-1 remains strong, confirms his. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Calculation of Benzil Percent Yield: Moles BenzilMoles Benzoin=. 081g? 210. 23g/mol. 298g? 212. 24g/mol=3. 85? 10-4mol14. 0? 10-4mol=0. 275? 100%=27. 5% Calculation of Benzilic Acid Percent Yield: Moles Benzilic AcidMoles Benzil=. 0380? 228. 25g/mol. 1001? 210. 23g/mol=1. 67? 10-4mol4. 76? 10-4mol=0. 3497? 100%=34. 97% Calculation of Percent Discrepancy in Benzil Melting Point: %D=xTHEO-xEXPxTHEO? 100%= 95. 0? -95. 6? 95. 0? =. 00632Ãâ€"100%=0. 32% Calculation of Percent Discrepancy in Benzilic Acid Melting Point: %D=xTHEO-xEXPxTHEO? 100%= 150. 0? -149. 5? 150. 0? =. 0033Ãâ€"100%=0. 33% Both steps of this experiment’s synthesis are considered successful. Though not in the desired quantities, a product of benzil was obtained from benzoin and that of benzoic acid from benzil. The initial step, synthesis of benzil, resulted in a yield of 27. 5%, despite an encouragingly smooth synthesis. The synthesis may have called for a second, more thorough recrystallization to appeal this yield. The recrystallization was performed correctly; however, the mixture was likely not allowed to cool at an ideally slow rate. It was removed from the hot plate and, shortly thereafter, transferred to the ice bath- likely, before it had calmed to room temperature. This could have interrupted the ability for the product to crystallize without impurities being trapped within its lattice. During the second portion of this experiment, a known, pure quantity of benzil was used to synthesize a 34. 97% yield of benzilic acid. This small yield is likely also due to factors similar to the aforementioned. Additionally, the recorded yield was shared from another synthesis; the original synthesis performed yielded too small and impure an amount of product to effectively determine a melting point and I. R. spectra. This failure may certainly be attributed to an error during the recrystallization, prior to the initial filtration. Proper care was taken to allow the solution to cool very slowly during this second recrystallization. Unfortunately, once the solution was transferred to the ice bath, a large chunk of ice crystals somehow fell over the lip of the flask and into the mixture. Being that the intermediate was relatively water How to cite Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid, Essay examples